Strategic Farming: Field Notes

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I'm Ryan Miller, crop extension Educator. Earlier this morning, we recorded in an episode of the Strategic Farming Field Notes program. Strategic Farming Field Notes is a weekly program addressing current crop production topics. A live webinar is hosted at 08:00 A.M. on Wednesdays, throughout the cropping season. During the live webinar, participants can join in the discussion and get questions answered. An audio recording of the live program is released following the webinar via podcast platforms. Thanks and remember to tune in weekly for discussion on current cropping and crop management topics.

Good morning and welcome to the strategic farming Field Notes program rock to you from the University of Minnesota Extension.

My name is Dave Nikolai with the University of Minnesota Extension. I'm a regional economist in the field crops area, and we want to welcome our guests here today on our program. first of all, Dr. Rodrigo Werle. He's extension weed specialists at the University, Wisconsin Extension, and also Dr. Jochum Wiersma, extension small grain specialist from University of Minnesota at a crucial with that I also want to make sure that we understand that these sessions are also funded and rock to you by
University of Minnesota. Extension includes the Minnesota Cybering Research and Promotion Council, and also the Minnesota Corn Research and Promotion Council.

With that, I'm going to turn the program over to Dr. Rodrigo Werle from University Wisconsin all the way from the big State of Wisconsin and Madison, and I see you're dressed appropriately for the day you have on the colors, and so do we. but this is an opportunity to talk about something that is, I think, of importance.
no matter where you are, whether you're in the Minnesota side of the river or the Wisconsin side of the river we still deal with. We control Dr. Willie's had an opportunity to be at the University of Wisconsin a number of years. And so he's had an extensive program, graduate students and research projects and involving a lot of different emphasis. Everything from planning green and soybeans. but also dealing with some of our hard to control weeds, populations, water, hem, trans ragweed, etc. So
take it away, Rodrigo. we'll let you share your slides. You're gonna talk a little bit about these, and we'll have available. That's information as a Pdf. As we go forward. So with that

Rodrigo Werle
02:36
excellent thank you very much, Dave, for the invite. Good morning, everyone. hope you're all doing well we're now really happy here in Southern Wisconsin. We finally got some rain. So that's a good news there to to start
the day here. So today I'm going to be focusing on corn soybean post emergence. we control considerations. please keep in mind that I'm going to be focusing on Wisconsin situation here. But I think what I'm what I have to share is also going to be very relevant for you all in Minnesota.
Before I start, I just want to acknowledge my team, the outstanding team of graduate students, academic staff in our program, the bulk of the work I'm going to be presenting here today. I I only get you present it to you because they are the ones conducting the efforts. And I also want to acknowledge our sponsors. We're very applied
research program. We're primarily funded by Wisconsin corn and soybean growers and also by our crop protection industry.
And I just want to put a plug So those of you who are watching this live tomorrow, Thursday, June fifteenth, and 9. Am. We going to be a Jamesville at our Rock County farm, where we're gonna have our giant
Ragweed management plot tour. So if you're interested in participating in a field day if it's not too far of a drive for you tomorrow and 9 Am. We're gonna be at the Rock County Farm in Jamesville, if you're interested. So and throughout, you know my presentation. Today there'll be QR codes and links
that you can access. And you're also going to find all the information I'm going to be presenting here today in our website, which is with weeds.info. So here's just a plug for field day tomorrow June fifteenth, starting at 9 am. A change of Wisconsin.
So here's what I intend to cover during this presentation today. those are the main questions I've been getting this past 4 weeks on the first one being, you know, we've had a very, very abnormal dry spring. What's going on with the pre emerging herbicides that we sprayed at the time of planting. next, I want to discuss some considerations for a post emergence we control and corn and soybeans
here in Wisconsin. Most of the post applications to corn have just happen or are happening right now. And next, we're going to start moving into soybeans. So I want to share some of the considerations. we've been really dry
in that sense, the weeds that are emerged. They are. you know, they've developed some really thick cuticles those weeds have been stressed
and stress, we are typically more difficult to control. So folks spraying post emergence for your herbicides right now. One thing to keep in mind is, though, you know, as always, we need good coverage, and we need to make sure we're using the right edge events and the right tips. When making applications, we need coverage. We need volume. We need the right edge of ones. If we want our herbicides to work, particularly when our weeds have been stressed because of dry conditions. So those of you
spring and herbicides make sure you're optimizing your application. So we get good controls from those applications. And then I'm going to wrap up this presentation discussing some
carry over concerns potential carry over concerns for the next growing season, depending on the decisions we make this going season here in 2,023. Okay, so the first thing I want to say. And this slide I actually presented Dave when I was in Minnesota about a year and a half in your winter meeting in December talking about the value of pre her. Besides, okay, and myself and extension colleagues industry, we all stand behind
this slide. This recommendation. Okay, pre emerging herbicides are the foundation for chemical weed control. Okay, we've had a tough year here with dry springs, you know, with a dry spring where our herbicides didn't get properly activated, or pries are not working as well as they should have
if we had received enough rainfall. However, we still stand behind this recommendation. Okay, the pre emerging herbicide programs are foundation. For we control without pre herbicides, it's very difficult to sustainably manage weeds in our corn swinging production systems. Okay, so regardless of what has happened this year. It's been dry. Okay, we still stand behind a recommendation, having a Pre. Is way better than not having a pre orbit side. So that's 1 point
I want to make today. And I want to go back to this slide, because if you go in the bottom here, you see that some of the concerns that we have
I would pre her. Besides, you know the first one, there is timely activation, the pre herbicides. They need rain So they worked for them to work. Okay? And that's one thing we haven't had a whole lot off.
Okay, the next one that's often a concern is sometimes crop response. Some of those chemicals they do call some crop response.
And for 20 years we haven't seen that, because, you know, the the glyphosate was doing all the job there. We didn't have to rely a whole lot of priests, so we haven't seen a whole lot of crop response. for you know, a couple of decades now. But now that we're starting to use our prize again, crop response is normal. Sometimes we do see that, but they hardly impact a crop use when the herbicides are applied according to the labels. Okay? And then, lastly, especially when we have dry seasons carry over.
become a concern some of the herbicides that we're using. I'm going to use an example here which is me to try and and corn these are trying is really affordable. you know, every single post application or pre-application in corn pretty much. Our growers are using mesa try. And so I think we're over using me to try. And then, when we have dry seasons carry over into their soybeans
the next year become a concern.
Okay, so here's the situation. it's just not only Minnesota. It's not just only in Wisconsin. It's all over the corn soybean Belt of the United States. Okay? And then what we're seeing here in Wisconsin is that our early crops, the crops that we planted in May early May, late April, early May they cut a little bit of rain and those crops. They were planted early. They're looking amazing. Okay?
And the weed control in those crops that were planted early are also okay because we planted early with spray are pretty early, and they got about a half an inch of an ancient rain for activation. So those crops are looking good. The ones that I'm concerned about are the crops that we planted later the mid late may
the soil surface was really really dry. And what we're seeing right now is a little bit of a not even a establishment of our corn and soybeans, and those are the crops that also didn't get that activating rainfall for the pre emerged verbic side. So those are the crops. The ones that were planted a little later are the ones that I'm telling our growers here in Wisconsin to keep a close eye on. Okay.
so here's what happens with a herbicide. A pre emergence per decide after is applied as a very complex process. Okay, there's a lot that happens there that needs to happen for the herbicides to get into soil solution and for it to be available for we as they emerge and you control them. Okay? So it's a very complex process.
And on top of all that a lot of our growers are adopting a cere right cover crop. So now not only you have to have the herbicide get to the soil, but you also need the herbicide to go through this heavier amount of residue. And this is an area of interest for a research program here in Wisconsin. We're doing a lot of that work. If you're interested, we can chat more about that later. But that's going to be a conversation for another day.
What I want to discuss here today is this, okay? So if you spray the pre emergence herbicide and the herbicide of city on the soil surface those herbicides are prone to volatilization and also for tolerances. Okay? So some herbicides they degrade
with sunlight and some herbicides they volatilize. So it's important to understand which herbicides are more prone to that.
and to discuss that I'm going to use an article that was written by our colleague, Dr. Bob Hartsler, Dr. Partzer. I was an extension lead scientist at I/O State University, and he retired recently. But he's written over his career some amazing articles there that I often refer to, and this is one of them, and back in 2,020 they had a really dry spring
in Iowa. So Dr. Hartser put this article together, describing which, herbicides are more likely to be photo degraded, and which ones are more likely to vitalize. Okay? So this is what the stable has here. we have a table with very, with a very comprehensive list of pre emergence herbicides that we use in corn, and so living production across the Midwest. And what's very interesting here, Ept, or eradicating
is the Mo. Is the herbicide that has the highest chance for volatilization. Okay? And that's why, the herbicide it's it's recommended that herbicide is incorporated in soil. Okay? So the higher the number here the more volatile that compound is. And just looking at the stable here that we have in front of us, you know, after eradicating another herbic side, that's also highly volatile. Volatile is to floral in. Okay? And we know that. And that's why we incorporate the service size
another one that I want to discuss is metalla chlor, so metallic or has higher chances of of volatilization as well. But after that, as you start seeing the exponential being smaller than minus 3. Here the chance for volatilization is very low.
So what am I saying here? Both herbicides that we're commonly used in corn and sliding production? They have a very low chance of volatilization. The other aspect is this photo degradation? Okay? And you're going to see an out here by most of the herbicides other than it is. That's a fl to
as my tolkore, it's the floral in. Okay. So all this other herbicides that I have here in this table, they have a L which indicates low chance for full of degradation. So, Rodrigue, what are you saying? What I'm saying is that some of the service size that were sprayed 3 4 weeks ago? They haven't had an activating rainfall. They're sitting in the soil surface and they're not. They're more like recent molecules. And they're pretty stable in the environment. Okay. So even though they were not activated, they're sitting in the soil surface. My.
my gut feeling here is that most of those herbicides are still the soil surface. And now that we're starting to catch some rain, those herbicides will get activated and they're going to provide. We control for you. Okay, so my point is, those FBI size are still in the soil surface. They're pretty stable molecules. If we get rain here, you're still going to see value of those pre herbicides. They were sprayed a couple of weeks ago.
So now I want to discuss a study that was conducted by our graduate student Tatiana Severo. And this is a very interesting study where we're comparing multiple pre emerge and herbicides in corn. And the residual control in giant rag weed. Okay? And this research was conducted in 2 years at our Rock County farm, where we're going to have our field day this week.
2,021, 2,02221 was more of a normal year, as far as precipitation goes, and we had about 2 inches of rain, you know, 2 weeks following application, whereas in 2,022 last year was a similar scenario, is what we're observing this year, where, within 2 weeks
of spraying our trees and planting our crop, we got less than an inch of rain. Okay, then the common question that growers ask me, and the agony is asked me to say, Rodrigo, how much rain is enough.
and in agronomy the the most common answer is always the pans right but ideally, according to this paper that was published recently by land, all at all depending on her besides and weed species. The ideal volume of rainfall there, from a pre application
is about 2 to 4 inches of rain within the first 15 days. If we want to see ideal performance of our residual herbicides, we need to have between 2 and 4 inches of rain within the first 15 days of application. Okay, so rainfall is very, very important for a priest to work.
Okay. So now I'm going to dive into some of the results
and the the main takeaway special in the normal year, where we have an offering to activate, or herbicides or herbicides containing 3 sites of action. 2 to 3 sites of action are the ones that perform the best.
Okay? So the standard programs that we have out there. The razi course the acronym maverick is a new herbicide. It's now available. It's very similar to Rezacore, but instead of having aceto glory has by rocks a cell phone as the Group 15. So as you can see here in a normal year. This this you know. Standard
3 way premixes doing a really good job. Now, when we move into 2,022, when it was a really dry year, surprisingly there. What you're going to see is a dicamba
by itself, provided the best level of residual control. And we're doing a lot of that work where we're learning what we're learning is, you know, if folks are in corn.
or if they are in an extent platform system, that by camera herbicides sprayed as part of a pre program in a dry spring can provide very good levels of residual control. 3, 4 years. I would never make that recommendation. But after doing this type of research. Now for several years, we're consistently seeing that. Okay, if we're going to make a pre emerges application. And then, if there is no rain in the forecast
for a couple of weeks. I would definitely consider having that canvas part of our pre program, because that by Camba can take care of weed as they emerge until the other residual herbicides get activated in the soil.
Okay, so this is the story about the prize and pre-selection. Here's where we're at right now. Okay, so those are pictures that I took a couple of days ago from our corn and soybean studies, as you can see. There we have all that ragweed breaking through. Okay? So all the larger seeded broad leaves are coming from down below in the soil surface. They're up and going. Okay. Those weeds are difficult to control residual herbicides.
and they can merge from deeper in the soil profile. Okay? So those are up and going. You need to go out there and pay attention. But one thing that has been surprising to me is the amount of grasses out there.
Okay, so again, those breeze were not activated properly. There's a lot of grasses, fox tales bar in your grass coming through, or corn and soybeans. But the one thing we haven't seen a whole lot that yet is water hemp. Okay? So we saw the early flushes of water. Hem the first second, we can make
here in Southern Wisconsin, and then we have a postdoc. I'm in Mobile, who is keeping track of what he have emerges, and the Waterhouse just hasn't emerged for the past few weeks here, because it's been incredibly dry now, with this rains that we just got over the past couple of days. But I'm thinking here is the water hemp is going to explode.
Why does that matter? It matters because you got to be strategic. You have ragweed that's growing out there. You have a bunch of grasses that are growing, but that water hemp is not exploding quite yet, and it will soon. Okay. So if you trigger a post application now you got to put more residuals down. But does that mean you're going to have to come back in your soybeans for a third post to clean up the water hemp that's yet to come. So we need to be very strategic and understand what's happening in the field by field bases. So we make the right call as far as our post emergence applications
go. Okay.
so grass control. that's been a common question here in conventional corn, Rodrigo. I have conventional corn on Gmo corn all the way, control grasses. we have a publication, a research trial that's been conducted now for 2 years. It's available in our website.
The main chemicals for grass control and conventional corn will be nickel so far.
okay? Or accent timbuttrian or law. This.
And then the third option is supremacy or Amazon. Okay, in our trials this 3 options are the the most effective ones for grass control in conventional corn.
Moving into now, post control. We have a set of data that I want to make sure you understand is available to you all. we have water, hemp, and giant ragweed.
We have a lot of effective options for post control. Water hemp is where it gets a little more complicated. Okay? So if you're in the list system. The 240 colleen would do it for you, Fosn. It would do it for you. If you are on an extent system you have. Well, you no longer have that camera because your past the cut off so you can rely on the liberty which is going to be my next point
if you're in a non-gmo system or in a roundup ready? Only the Ppos become your main option. Okay? But control post emergence of water. Hemp is becoming very, very difficult in soybeans.
in list is becoming very common the enlisted 3 swimming technology here in Wisconsin, and my understanding from talking with Dave is the same situation in Minnesota. What we've learned last year is that applications, that of enlist her beside the 240 colleen. They were perform under high temperatures. They did not provide good results.
Okay, so if you're gonna be spraying in list posts to water hemp, try to pick days when the temperatures are below 85. So 70 75 ideal, you first brain under the 90 degree scenario, we just tend not to see very good control within list post emergence.
and then to wrap things up here from a Lu Faz in a standpoint, you know, folks that might be using liberty we've been doing lots of research, looking at think makes combinations when we use liberty by itself.
Sometimes we don't get to control. But as we start mixing liberty with auto herbicides. We often see increase in consistency. Okay? And one thing we've been looking at quite extensively is combinations of liberty with Ppo verbi. And when we're learning is every time we mix liberty with the Ppo, whether that is lacta fan or cobra flax, star
or resource, okay, we enhance water hem control. And then, as we talk about that, the first question that growers ask is, okay, Rodrigo, if you're mixing will fossil with the Ppo. That's great for water hemp control. But what happens to soy beans? What about injury?
Usually the most injury we see is when we have cobra, and I think you all have sprayed cobra or seen cobra applications. Colbert tends to be the most injurious herbic side. Regard as what you're mixing with with fos in it or not. but some of the other Ppo her besides, such as for me, as a fan and a resource, they tend to be less injurious. So if you're concerned about injury, but you still want to optimize with Fos in it. You may want to consider those tank mixes.
And then, lastly, Soybean yield, even though we've seen a lot of injury with cobra cobra, we go fos in a We have not seen any impact on you. Okay? So again, if we're up against a tough year, that waterh might be tough to control. this might be a scenario where you may want to consider Tank. Make single fos in it with the Ppo herbicide, and we have a blog article on that that's available
to you. Okay. So I talked a lot about chemicals. What about other options? Last week I was driving to our farm. This is a cornfield that's pretty weedy.
And the farmer. I was incorporating some urea into row, cultivating, and and you can see there and then this week this farmer is going back with the post emergence application. So again, it's all about integrated strategies here thinking outside the jug. So we make sure that the herbicides that are still effective remain effective.
Okay? And then, lastly, in dry years, carry over becomes a concern. So there's a lot of me to try and being used in corn pre and post. Remember, there is a 7.7 fluid OS Max of Callisto per year. Do not exceed that, you know, and make sure you're not spring. That means it's try, and too late, because otherwise it's visa trying, or call it your spraying crop next year. And then on the flip side.
okay, the flat star we might be using in soybeans this year. if spray too late can cause injury in to corn next year. Those are the main herbicides we see carry over issues with, okay? So I know, I went through a lot of topics here today. All the the information that I presented is available to you. So if you have questions, please
feel free to reach out to either me or Dave, and we'll get that information to you, Dave. Thank you very much. for the opportunity.

Dave Nicolai
23:22
Yes, thank you. If you can hold on for a little bit, we'll see if there any questions on the end. But I just wanted to preface
the slides today will be available as a Pdf. And we will have them accessible on our Transistor, a website, and then we'll follow up with the crop news article with the link embedded. So we'll have an opportunity to do that. Just one little clarification you mentioned about water and rainfall for, for, you know ideally a number of inches. But we always talk about beggars can't be chooses here, so if we can, at the small seated broad leaves, I I think we still would like to have that half inch if we
we can't have it all. But we're going to have to have have some. I think I think you would probably in that in that fall park when true.

Rodrigo Werle
24:04
Yeah, so that's a good point, Dave. So do they have an inch is kind of the rule of thumb that we talk about the half a names works. If the soil is already wet and application. If you're starting off with a dry soil, then we go more to 3 quarters of an inch as an ideal minimum amount for activation of that. Pre, that's a good question. Yeah. And I, I think your point is well taken about water hemp that we're we're not out of the woods.

Dave Nicolai
24:26
certainly so. If you haven't put a pre on, you still have an opportunity sometimes, if not a layered approach. Opposed to merchants, and finally, I know the Liberty situation over here will will work out, and just in same as Wisconsin.
the warm temperatures.
the better. We're going to get on that liberty, you know, on in terms of that, so we'll come back on that. But I want to have some time for our our guest up in northwestern Minnesota, Dr. Yolkamurzma? A little bit. And how is our small grain growing? Yo come me, is it? Is it out of the ground, and and it's the color of the right color and green. And are we going to have a crop this year? And we finally melted the snow in Croxton so kind of like, where are we?

Jochum J Wiersma
25:05
So you know, we started again a little bit later. Then, we'd like to start across the State The first small brains and Southern men probably went in around the twentieth of April, but I think a lot went in the last week of April up in the valley it started first week of May.
Progress was relatively rapid, because, as in Wisconsin and across the Midwest, we've been dry in North West Minnesota, too, The only exception that where it's been really wet is
kind of central North Dakota to towards the valley, and there it's the where they've had the most trouble. It's like the Devil's Lake Basin, etc., getting the crop in
really rapid emergence, because we've had record heap and record case of the crop development
the trial, for instance, in the center, that the planet on the 20 eighth of April, if I, memory shows me right. 6 weeks later I had barley that was starting to head. That's probably 2 to 3 weeks faster than most years.
So
all in all, good establishment quick emergence, good stance record pace of development. So we're gonna have a probably a very short crop which isn't all bad, because that probably means less lodging.
as far as you potential goes. We're not seeing as much tillering as we did last year. because there after we got eventually got the crop in. It's stay very cool through the month of June, as opposed to what we're currently in, you know, encountering
disease-wise pesticides. It's been relatively quiet. I. I have a hard time finding tanspot The models are indicating that there is. You know, we've had due periods long enough
here and there for tans brought to start. But scouts haven't found it, nor have I had a lot of calls about it
And with the crop already heading we right away switch gears to what? Feserium headlight the model, so far, except for a day here and there have been very low risk.
I will say. I have to see if that changes as more of the you know the spring season the spring seeded crops are approaching it. and especially in the harder valley. Insect. Wise Bruce butter found. if it's about a month ago, I believe in Southern men small. I've had 2 or 3 calls about some a if it's in oats at
which one field was a threshold. So overall the the numbers aren't great and they are migrating north. The scouts last week found some in basically the southern valley, so they are slowly migrating north, which isn't uncommon, but the numbers have been low.
because it's been dry, and we had a dry fall the scouts found grasshoppers, which isn't surprising and so, especially in the North West Minnesota.
We might indeed get in the situation again, where we need to treat for grasshoppers in small grains. Likewise army worms have been several flights. The most recent one was last week, and it made it all the way up to Roso, and they like. For instance, they like perennial ryegrass. And so that's where they land first, before they land in small brains in that area, and that's where they find them, so.
as far as you know, forecast for the crop I just wrote an I finally had a chance to write some crop news article yesterday and basically given where the crop of the majority of the crop right now is in stem allegation phase. that's when water use really goes up about a
half an in a quarter of an inch per day. if you have a transportation At these temperatures actually creeps a little higher. And so we need all the 4 leaf clovers.
lucky rabbits feed or anything else. because we need rain in most areas.
there, you know this rains have been very spotty, and some so some people probably have adequate, but I would argue most could use at least 2 inches as long as it doesn't come in 20 min.
Do we have enough nitrogen out there, Jochum? Or from a nutrient standpoint? Things okay, everything. Looks okay. I was on the Nd Issue Conference call yesterday, and something we rarely ever see. But it's indicative of the very dry conditions is a chloride deficiency in some soils where that can happen. I think most of Minnesota. I would be really rare to see chloride deficiencies.
the other thing that we might see? because it's been so dry is on the sandy or soils we might see some sulfur deficiencies.
and that looks different from nitrogen and easiest way to explain. That is, if the new growth is lighter than the old growth, it's more than likely a software deficiency, and you would see it on the sandy ridges in a field first.
if the new growth is a little bit darker than the old growed. it's a nitrogen deficiency.
but I've seen very little tired tracks and
patchiness that I would attribute to fungicides. We have seen some weird carryover which you know can chime in as well one of the carriers we've seen. that's maybe surprising to people is Callist. They'll carry over in small grains, which leads to some really funny symptomology. on the small grains.
not in hopes, but definitely in wheat.

Dave Nicolai
31:42
Okay, so that's about it. I have a one question came in. And Rodrigo, you want to turn camera back on. This is in regards to actually, a question from Iowa. But it's similar. It's happens in Minnesota, too, and other places a farmer was seen cupping in soybeans. It was dry last fall. Limited rainfall. Pretty dry this spring
they're wondering is can stinger herbicide carry over, and he used it last year for fiscal control along with putting it as was impact and atrazine kind of a cocktail mix, and that type of thing, but any general comments about some of those herbicides and their ability in a in a dry fall and a dry spring to carry over.

Rodrigo Werle
32:21
Yeah, that's a good question, David. We we do have seen Stinger carry over. It's not as common as we see for These are trying, but depending. When that application happened, you'll see it. And what's interesting when we see it, at least in our trials and in our commercial fields here it pops up on the beans are about v, 2. So we're gonna see it for about one node. And then it kind of goes away. Once, you know, it's Max. It goes away. And again, usually between the V 2 v. 3,
road stage, which is happening for us right now here in Southern Wisconsin, probably very similar for you all in in Minnesota.

Dave Nicolai
32:54
Yeah. So I I know the stinger can be problems, and we can have it. Everything in the row ditch, hey? And so forth. But certainly that has ability to, for if it's if it's too much, we've had Group 27 carry over, and Tom Peters in the red in the Valley. you'll come as mentioned you know, flex star carry over and and that has happened again in a dry year. So we'll have to have to see with a lot of those areas and situations.
And hopefully, rainfall will will help in those situations. but you know, don't give up scouting for weeds. Well, any other last comments here. We're at the close of our program. We went a little bit over but I don't really feel bad about that at all. So because I think it's helpful information with with that. So any other closing comments, Yokum or Rodrigo at this point. otherwise.
we will have a copy of this and this copy of the slides and the Pdf and a recording and other information available. And if they want to go find more about, we control results on individual projects, research projects in Wisconsin. We didn't even get a chance to talk a little bit about planning green and crimping, and so forth, and we'll have to save that for the for one of these future programs. We talk a little bit more about that. And in cover crops as well. with that.
Okay.
all right, definitely. If nothing else at this point in time. again, I want to thank. not. I'm not only University, Minnesota Extension here, but the Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council and the Minnesota Corn Research and Promotion Council. We want to thank again our speakers, Dr. Rock, we were really extension. We'd specialists at the University of Wisconsin, and also Dr. Yokamurzma was our small grand specialist located at Crookston, Minnesota, for coming on the program
and getting up early in the morning and staying with us. So we really appreciate that and all everything else.